tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30737967740577011242024-03-14T02:55:39.901+05:30Flight BlogAll about Aviation industry developments, training, operational and safety aspects,and flight procedures.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger83125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-16341780334118981462013-11-16T00:27:00.000+05:302013-11-16T00:32:27.689+05:30Increasing SOP Compliance<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAz6Xm2hB2WmrmmI3hTTn9wH_R1XlauWeqIp6CmWuQSWmkdN-bkJYs46A2s4V0X_pT-iNqJvH-EMw7Ej5qRcfp8fNcQeMM6MU7dSIlj9U2OWOdpd-xos9XcZH9L4GZ2YONbhLbsdBmM9k/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><img border="0" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAz6Xm2hB2WmrmmI3hTTn9wH_R1XlauWeqIp6CmWuQSWmkdN-bkJYs46A2s4V0X_pT-iNqJvH-EMw7Ej5qRcfp8fNcQeMM6MU7dSIlj9U2OWOdpd-xos9XcZH9L4GZ2YONbhLbsdBmM9k/s200/1.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="background-color: white;"><b>In the era where increased
incidents and accidents are attributed to flight crew non-adherence to
procedures, what can be done to ensure increased SOP compliance?</b></i></blockquote>
</blockquote>
<i><br /></i>
<i><br /></i>
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
Standard Operating Procedures(SOP) are a critical component
in flight operations and in improving the flight safety. They are intended as a
guard against operational errors and help elevate crew performance leading to
safe operation of a flight.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
First and foremost is that the SOP need to be documented and
they need to be seen as relevant to the operating crew, to ensure compliance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Safety culture or the operating culture should be such that
the operating crew take pride in compliance and are motivated which obviously
needs to percolate right from the top in an organization.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Feedback needs to be evaluated and ploughed back into
procedures, and non-compliance of a procedure or a task needs to be
investigated to ascertain whether it is adequate, clear and concise.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Motivating crew and inculcating the discipline to follow
laid down procedures when not being watched over, goes a long way in enhancing
safety of the operation. After all, the crew should find the procedures
relevant and believe that its important for safe operation of aircraft.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Effective implementation of “just culture” in reporting will
facilitate increased voluntary procedural deviation reporting, which in turn
will lead to specific procedures that are not working well to be amended and
make it relevant to crew and the operation as a whole.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, a pat on the back to all who are complying with the
procedures, will go a long way in ensuring more joining the tribe leading to
increased compliance.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Do you have any strategy in mind that you thing will help
increase SOP compliance??? Drop in a line and share the same.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-52412644404255370742013-11-09T03:11:00.000+05:302013-11-10T00:44:43.510+05:30AIRCRAFT GO-AROUND MANEUVER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
One question that is frequently asked in aviation circles about piloting issue is as to why a go-around was not carried
out when the approach was unstable.</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p>Looking at the data that is out there, the stats point out
that only 2-3% of the unstabilised approaches end in a go-around.Well then, the questions that are being asked about
go-arounds seem justified and needs an in-depth look at various facets as to
why it is so.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcvmrGFhwzoEZNGLvQ6covdcHCSdrgyeA7-COrPKatPodJZsms5Py9f6-ztYgiktL_DMbZ5W8noKsUhsfRzg1o7-OImWCOw3s8pLDFXvod3xSneItaEEn7V6vkZ8lfI8WE28gQKbN2e5o/s1600/A350_XWB_MSN3_First_Flight_take_off.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcvmrGFhwzoEZNGLvQ6covdcHCSdrgyeA7-COrPKatPodJZsms5Py9f6-ztYgiktL_DMbZ5W8noKsUhsfRzg1o7-OImWCOw3s8pLDFXvod3xSneItaEEn7V6vkZ8lfI8WE28gQKbN2e5o/s320/A350_XWB_MSN3_First_Flight_take_off.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What is it that makes a well trained and proficient crew shy
away from conducting a go-around on the approach when it is required so??</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Normal go-arounds without any failure are the least
practiced maneuvers by the crew and they tend into get into the area of
Conscious-Incompetent, wherein they have the knowledge of conducting the
maneuver, but have become rusty in skill due to not been able to have the
opportunity to practice one in the simulator or the aircraft.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hence, when the situation develops to consider a go-around,
decision making may tilt towards trying to recover the flight path and salvage
the unstable approach rather than a clear decisive go-around being executed.Pilots generally being mission oriented, go-arounds are
looked at as a failure on one’s part to be able to continue approach and land.
Go-around is sometimes perceived by pilots as their inability to get things
done and complete the mission.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Also another aspect that contributes to making pilots push
the threshold and carry on the approach despite moving towards instability is
the fact that in the past similar scenario was managed and recovered and
approach was continued in stable conditions. It is this expectation based on
previous experience that make’s one believe that they can pull it off again.So what can be done to ensure effective decision-making and
execution of go-around occurs when warranted by conditions??</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Conducting a good briefing on the go-around is essential as
it brings the crew into loop as to what can be expected from each other and
better equip and appraise them on the procedure flow. Briefing needs to include
not only the part about the flight path during a go-around, but also have the
tasks pertaining to go-around maneuver for each crew discussed threadbare.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A well executed go-around maneuver is something like a
synchronized swimming amongst a team.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crew need to adequately trained and equipped to not to
succumb to land it at any cost syndrome.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As there is an adage which says “CHANGE THE MISSION”, which
sums up very well to make crew move away from unsafe to safe zone when the
approach is unstable.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Good training practices, procedures and curriculum, along
with good CRM skills<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and task sharing,
will equip and help crew to conduct an effective go-around.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Do you have any opinion on how best this go-around issue can
be tackled?? Kindly send in your comments to enhance the discussion<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-17857613707526583672012-07-25T18:20:00.001+05:302013-11-09T03:09:56.013+05:30ILS Signal Interference<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5FNAuddSXrqkK209Q5ZswXRz2Aa5EQD2WdclI3O982pEoNocBKdJB_UQzGMKui-7x7MdZe2B77-GslzJ_S0Y-mzub2G_pCQYady4aHhep2c70oR2eEjim7247MGrmcbySvKgddvkY-Jb/s1600/p3_465x506.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5FNAuddSXrqkK209Q5ZswXRz2Aa5EQD2WdclI3O982pEoNocBKdJB_UQzGMKui-7x7MdZe2B77-GslzJ_S0Y-mzub2G_pCQYady4aHhep2c70oR2eEjim7247MGrmcbySvKgddvkY-Jb/s320/p3_465x506.jpg" width="294" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Recently a commercial large jet was cleared for an ILS
approach to Runway 28 at Chicago O’Hare airport. While inbound to intercept the
Glide slope, the cockpit indications were initially full up. Abruptly the
display changed from full up to full down position and the aircraft pitched
down and descended to stay on the glide slope. The pilot reacted to disconnect
the autopilot, but not before the aircraft had descended a 100 ft. The display restored
to full up deflection soon thereafter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This anomaly
was most likely caused by disruption of the Glide slope signals caused by a
large cargo aircraft holding for take-off. ATC controller had advised the crew
of this aircraft that they were not required to protect the ILS critical area.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span>
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Most ILS installations are subject to signal
interference by surface vehicles, aircraft or both. ILS critical areas are
established near each localizer and glideslope antenna. While the localizer antenna
is located beyond the departure end of the runway, the glideslope antenna is off
to the side of the runaway, close to the approach end. The critical areas are
protected by the ATC only under specific conditions spelt out in the
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). Chief among them is that visibility must
be less than 2 miles and ceiling less than 800 ft. and arriving aircraft is has
crossed outer marker fix or FAF. The protection is achieved by ATC advising
aircraft to hold short of CAT II holding point/ ILS critical area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQHAbY_6GAlvBi8Pmre1A62sBB7cp7PT_VqNYBvJJOJeXO_pOPsFN981Pk7V5aXE2gY5TzXXEkcf8MsIMa0gjmILqpd7ggUDd6HErEL-A16isHSa1PjoHEkzCxiPPHpMobNX6E6pbIghe/s1600/Runway+Incursion3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQHAbY_6GAlvBi8Pmre1A62sBB7cp7PT_VqNYBvJJOJeXO_pOPsFN981Pk7V5aXE2gY5TzXXEkcf8MsIMa0gjmILqpd7ggUDd6HErEL-A16isHSa1PjoHEkzCxiPPHpMobNX6E6pbIghe/s1600/Runway+Incursion3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQHAbY_6GAlvBi8Pmre1A62sBB7cp7PT_VqNYBvJJOJeXO_pOPsFN981Pk7V5aXE2gY5TzXXEkcf8MsIMa0gjmILqpd7ggUDd6HErEL-A16isHSa1PjoHEkzCxiPPHpMobNX6E6pbIghe/s1600/Runway+Incursion3.jpg" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Interestingly, when the visibility is less than 2 mi
and ceiling less than 800 ft., and an aircraft is inside the FAF, protection
may not be assured against aircraft that have landed and are exiting the runway
or are on missed approach or departure. Controllers are required to keep
critical areas clear in this case, only whenever RVR is 600 m or less or the ceiling
is less than 200 ft. and the arriving aircraft is inside the ILS middle marker.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At uncontrolled
airports, there is no protection of ILS critical areas. The AIM, recommends
that pilots be alert when conducting a coupled approach to an uncontrolled
airport, but it provides no guidance for ground operations. Vehicles can also
disrupt ILS signal as a business airplane pilot found to his dismay. The spurious
and random oscillations experienced in this case, were the likely result of a
large grass cutting mower operating near the localizer antenna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The AIM also warns of false courses generated outside
the ILS service area (40 to 60 deg outside the </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Localiser</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">), as a normal by product of ILS signal generation.
Depending on the ILS installation, an aircraft may give spurious normal on
course indications without any failure warnings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Erroneous ILS indications may also occur
during maintenance or testing of the ILS ground equipment. However, in these
cases, the Morse code identification is removed and also NOTAM action is taken.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Incidents like these prompted FAA to issue a notice to
remind operators of potential for erroneous indications of localizer/
glideslope caused by movement of aircraft or equipment through ILS critical
area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Curtsey and reference to Airsafety World</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-43106444188312066172012-06-06T01:07:00.001+05:302013-11-09T03:10:53.317+05:30EMAS: Engineered Material Arresting System<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQY1Gy9GEvydrrDM-LwvnaQrZAe63LpHJxpgHmzx_POnodZ_5EtyQwczB8u0J_h8V2SMIG6Olmi141dK81PGGYK4XSX3VWl9g0zpQ1jSRuUZK4R7TqisdZdEeASaPJ-kbnFxdT9_nJYmeI/s1600/EMAS+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQY1Gy9GEvydrrDM-LwvnaQrZAe63LpHJxpgHmzx_POnodZ_5EtyQwczB8u0J_h8V2SMIG6Olmi141dK81PGGYK4XSX3VWl9g0zpQ1jSRuUZK4R7TqisdZdEeASaPJ-kbnFxdT9_nJYmeI/s1600/EMAS+5.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Aircraft overruns during landing and take-off
are a frequent occurrence and statistically are the fourth largest cause of
airline fatalities. . An overrun occurs when an aircraft passes beyond the end
of a runway during an aborted take-off or while landing. To minimize the
hazards of overruns, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) incorporated the
concept of a safety area beyond the runway end into airport design
standards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, there are many
runways, where natural obstacles, local development and other constraints make
the construction of the RESA impracticable. Recognising the difficulty associated
with accomplishing RESA without compromising the performance capability of a
runway, research programmes were initiated to find alternate and effective
arresting solutions.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Engineered Material Arresting System is an
evolution of a "soft ground arresting system" consisting of a bed of
several thousand blocks of crushable cellular cement material installed on the
runway overrun to decelerate an aircraft in an emergency. FAA Policy Order
5200.9 identifies EMAS as equivalent to a 1,000-foot long RSA and provides
guidelines on comparing various runway safety area (RSA) improvement
alternatives to the EMAS option. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSpb41Nvi67zdaRNOGDDZZ-TtilKvL_DHcXOlM2Ea1qN2cVReT1stVre1Jn8Z3uLL5GDh50OpC1MNyaVKOMQTNdU-eh65vtxVF7lWyR3JBofYhJuJ5x8WzNwxlhvlUK8CMiwKPNuMcHE0j/s1600/EMAS+3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><img border="0" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSpb41Nvi67zdaRNOGDDZZ-TtilKvL_DHcXOlM2Ea1qN2cVReT1stVre1Jn8Z3uLL5GDh50OpC1MNyaVKOMQTNdU-eh65vtxVF7lWyR3JBofYhJuJ5x8WzNwxlhvlUK8CMiwKPNuMcHE0j/s320/EMAS+3.gif" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The customised bed is designed to crush under the
weight of an aircraft thus providing a controlled and predictable deceleration.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The range of aircraft operating at each airport
and available overrun distance on each runway are accommodated by varying bed
dimensions and material properties. </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The depth of the EMAS gradually increases as the aircraft travels into
the arrestor bed, providing increasing deceleration when required by heavier or
faster aircraft. Aircraft run out distance will be determined by the aircraft
size, weight, and speed and bed configuration. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once stopped, the material allows the
passengers to exit the aircraft safely and for the aircraft to be safely
removed from the arresting system.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE8gqHGcvLEIe7mRaa_sv5J-cpYBm1VEJ897jtYYfs_W3Ljfa6xK8WAMk0t3dYIokvNYMFDx7VaWuS2v-H3t5DeJbToYX1tx4ii_aZE5GYsTs14ipuH0vNOgaaw9ZibQG15_odjWyd1BVk/s1600/EMAS7.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE8gqHGcvLEIe7mRaa_sv5J-cpYBm1VEJ897jtYYfs_W3Ljfa6xK8WAMk0t3dYIokvNYMFDx7VaWuS2v-H3t5DeJbToYX1tx4ii_aZE5GYsTs14ipuH0vNOgaaw9ZibQG15_odjWyd1BVk/s1600/EMAS7.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE8gqHGcvLEIe7mRaa_sv5J-cpYBm1VEJ897jtYYfs_W3Ljfa6xK8WAMk0t3dYIokvNYMFDx7VaWuS2v-H3t5DeJbToYX1tx4ii_aZE5GYsTs14ipuH0vNOgaaw9ZibQG15_odjWyd1BVk/s320/EMAS7.gif" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Typically, EMAS is laid full width of the runway,
and is located slight distance away from the runway end to prevent damage due
to undershoot landings. Although crushable under the load of an aircraft, the
pavement strength is adequate to support movement of ARFF vehicles. The EMAS
bed is painted with yellow chevrons to indicate that the surface is unusable.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJXTaGZQAD-zemja17s445crZL23QFSFZJZG_-dtLuud4yQ1AQxFqgMklK2NIBqyoEPW-L-20USAkp2iS-Ut1pfuqtQL2uE11A9lIHQWpigZtxKP3bdlHgNomnTUId97-ND9uB5L3ikzk/s1600/EMAS4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJXTaGZQAD-zemja17s445crZL23QFSFZJZG_-dtLuud4yQ1AQxFqgMklK2NIBqyoEPW-L-20USAkp2iS-Ut1pfuqtQL2uE11A9lIHQWpigZtxKP3bdlHgNomnTUId97-ND9uB5L3ikzk/s1600/EMAS4.jpg" /></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">With the standard EMAS solution, an EMAS with stopping capability of
70 knots and a safety area only 600 feet long would be required, provided
vertical guidance is available for undershoot protection. The policy also
introduces the need to evaluate a non-standard EMAS whenever a standard
solution (1000 ft. RSA or standard EMAS) cannot be achieved within the maximum
feasible cost. FAA believes that EMAS can still provide acceptable safety
enhancement as long as 40 knots stopping capability is provided with the
non-standard EMAS solution.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOYdxQEUgld6M5kXR31ATnPO7LO00VZWwbrwKOX4U5la6Fd3l2dhyphenhyphenpMBBByX7dBuKOVBENplvnCKvXCWiWGgZJWwgJE38-hz1qzfDaAr6ryY73KZgn9W2XJU5oCtLQU-L6EFE67GPzvggn/s1600/EMAS+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOYdxQEUgld6M5kXR31ATnPO7LO00VZWwbrwKOX4U5la6Fd3l2dhyphenhyphenpMBBByX7dBuKOVBENplvnCKvXCWiWGgZJWwgJE38-hz1qzfDaAr6ryY73KZgn9W2XJU5oCtLQU-L6EFE67GPzvggn/s1600/EMAS+2.jpg" /></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">On the afternoon of January 24, 2005, the EMAS
was put to its biggest challenge when a 600,000-pound Boeing 747 landed long
and overran into the EMAS. As predicted, the aircraft was safely stopped by the
EMAS with no injuries to the crew and damage to the aircraft was limited to
replacing nine tires. The aircraft went back into service within seven days.
Over the years, many aircraft overruns have taken place through EMAS. In all
instances the aircraft have flown within a short span of maintenance activity,
typically less than seven days.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">One of the major advantages of the EMAS system
is the minimal damage that the aircraft has undergone during such arrests. The
aircraft were pulled out of the EMAS bed by a tow attached to the landing gear.
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Since over 90% of all runway overruns have
taken place below 70 Kts, </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">EMAS</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> caters to this
energy absorption. The system requires minimal maintenance, apart from removal
of snow to prevent accumulation and loss of friction. Repair and replacement,
after engagement by an aircraft, simply involves removal of the damaged portion
of the bed and relaying the bed with fresh cement blocks.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvDGTrLJbiGXzu2rYWMf1GXDwUv0l9ZurGTQeNizSHd9oSSmhCG976fTcvTL3y0lHqnwQsyhn_B-4qPbdfF8zluHV54RfdyMC6ftb96CSOBtx6a8SALd5NCjwHyMrxOIJPO79EWBtXzhdA/s1600/emas6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvDGTrLJbiGXzu2rYWMf1GXDwUv0l9ZurGTQeNizSHd9oSSmhCG976fTcvTL3y0lHqnwQsyhn_B-4qPbdfF8zluHV54RfdyMC6ftb96CSOBtx6a8SALd5NCjwHyMrxOIJPO79EWBtXzhdA/s1600/emas6.jpg" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">The
EMAS system maximizes runway safety with the same level of superior overrun
protection and yet offers easier and quicker installation, improved durability
and greatly reduced maintenance. The system has the same proven performance and
ability to safely arrest commercial aircraft. FAA Advisory circular AC 150
provides a performance specification for this system. The system is approved by
FAA as well as by NTSB.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #003970; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-34702837079739389272012-05-27T23:01:00.001+05:302012-05-27T23:03:39.333+05:30A380 PUSHING TECHNICAL BOUNDARIES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0vTti01m-wNhuqRcWvtweq75e66ZecAWHgf1fcvnEkcsG0m14uPH-HNJCCaNjtDchuMwXepwc0oH9rV0iYPDElrtse7CpXn6swMtMT8tKl5XU2tJff1iNmjll6Hy3xBmNO3pLyPBHI_E/s1600/A380.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0vTti01m-wNhuqRcWvtweq75e66ZecAWHgf1fcvnEkcsG0m14uPH-HNJCCaNjtDchuMwXepwc0oH9rV0iYPDElrtse7CpXn6swMtMT8tKl5XU2tJff1iNmjll6Hy3xBmNO3pLyPBHI_E/s200/A380.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">A</span>irbus has always been at the forefront of pushing technical
boundaries in aviation and excelling in aircraft design and technology. Airbus
says efforts to lower the weight of the world's largest airliner lay behind
recent <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/01/wing-loads.html">A380 wing cracks</a> and pledged to learn from mistakes that lay
dormant for a decade, as repair costs looked set to climb towards 500 million
euros ($A642 million).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Airbus reported the cracks in January, leading to checks on
the worldwide fleet of A380s, which authorities say are safe to fly. The
manufacturer has delayed repairs to the wing cracks until early next year
in order to allow time to ensure the fixes are final.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"The critical point is that we only want to go and do
this one time," said Airbus Executive Vice President Tom Williams."The
permanent solution will be applied in the early part of next year and will be
for aircraft that are in service," he said. He also said the discovery
inside the superjumbo's wings, where new lightweight carbon-composite materials
and traditional metal meet, showed the difficulty of pushing technical
boundaries in the ultra-competitive industry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"Certainly when it was designed some 10 years ago, it
was an innovation. We thought it was a great idea to make wings lighter with a
hybrid (of) carbon-fiber ribs and metal ribs. It was supposed to bring a lot of
weight reduction, and to a certain extent it did," Enders told a group of
aviation journalists.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/01/wing-loads.html">A380</a> was designed in the early part of the last
decade. At the time, the aircraft needed to lose weight, in part because of
efforts to make it quieter, which required larger and heavier engine fans. To
drive down weight, a decision was made to mix metal and lightweight carbon
components inside the wings, but engineers could not tell how this would stand
up to extreme temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The A380 cracks were found in L-shaped components
called rib feet, which connect the wing's skeleton to the outer skin. Airbus
said it had decided to change the type of aluminium alloy used for the parts to
one less brittle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">It takes a year for completely fresh wings to work though the
production system, and it will not be before 2014 that entirely fresh aircraft
will start rolling off assembly lines.(Courtesy Reuters)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Technological advancement always is a big challenge and
Airbus is taking it head on. With the composite materials being stepped by the
whole aviation industry in optimizing the weight of the aircraft, this endeavor
by the airbus shall benefit the aviation industry as a whole. Kindly send in
your views on this.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-50068635314728585622012-05-26T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-26T16:38:31.185+05:30AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSL7RkScf_MtxHa10nbt6O7yzZZil3Bdie5tSLkqu1qe5OSs9W3weXV2PxXyBLaY3T2QF1U4FvMug52-G7ocIm-k-JmPbaFQjODUPD6TQMh5rooYJghZyBp5AqmyNeeqsAKlmS3ALXe-W9/s1600/IMG_0032.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSL7RkScf_MtxHa10nbt6O7yzZZil3Bdie5tSLkqu1qe5OSs9W3weXV2PxXyBLaY3T2QF1U4FvMug52-G7ocIm-k-JmPbaFQjODUPD6TQMh5rooYJghZyBp5AqmyNeeqsAKlmS3ALXe-W9/s200/IMG_0032.JPG" width="200" /></a><span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">I</span>n
life, one makes decisions of various kinds, some routinely, and some after
deliberate considerations. In aviation too, decision making is an essential
pilot skill. While pre-flight situations are static in nature and under time
pressure, inflight scenarios are constantly evolving and are dynamic in nature
that needs immediate decisions and constant review. The basic skill sets that a pilot need to fly
the airplane safely can be categorised as :</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The psychomotor skill or the
stick and rudder skill to control the aircraft.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Situational awareness or the
mental aircraft, which enables one to understand the various systems in the
aircraft and their interplay to provide a safe flight environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Judgemental skills, where one
is able to process information and arrive at viable and coherent decisions.
This is also called the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Aeronautical Decision
Making</b> process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)</span></b>
is formally defined as a “Systematic approach to the mental process of <span style="line-height: 115%;">evaluating </span>a <span style="line-height: 115%;">given
set of circumstances </span>and <span style="line-height: 115%;">determining the best course of
action</span>.” A bit of a mouthful and one wonders how to apply this in a
real scenario? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0">
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1">
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1">
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0">
</v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A simple
practical and systematic approach to practice the ADM concepts, is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the 3 P model: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perceive, Process and Perform.</i></b></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To PERCEIVE, </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">is about
developing a clear and comprehensive awareness of your particular situation. Identify
the hazards that you are likely to encounter. Four elements that combine and
interact to create a unique situation in flight are <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">P</b>ilot, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A</b>ircraft, en</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">V</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ironment and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b>xternal pressures (PAVE). Special attention
should be given to their interplay and how they affect your ability to
accomplish the mission.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To <span style="line-height: 115%;">PROCESS</span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, think through the <span style="line-height: 115%;">C</span>onsequences of each
hazard, <span style="line-height: 115%;">Al</span>ternatives available, <span style="line-height: 115%;">R</span>eality
of the situation, and <span style="line-height: 115%;">E</span>xternal pressures that might influence
your analysis. The goal is to evaluate each hazard that you perceived and
evaluate their impact on the safety of the flight. Ask yourself, why must you <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CARE</b> (Consequences, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A</b>lternatives, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">R</b>eality and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b>xternal pressures),
about these circumstances? Be realistic about your decisions whether initial or
inflight to continue or divert.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To <span style="line-height: 115%;">PERFORM</span>,</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> determine the best course of action. Your goal is to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">M</span></b>itigate or <span style="line-height: 115%;">e</span>liminate
the adverse impact, and then <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">E</b>valuate
to ensure that your course of action is generating the desired effect. Having identified
a hazard and evaluated its impact on the safety or possible outcome of the
flight, it is time to look at how to minimise the risk exposure. It is a good
habit to define and develop personal minimums check list based your skill and
competency. Develop good alternatives during the process phase, so that when
you need to mitigate and evaluate, you have viable alternatives before you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pilot mistakes are often called “pilot error,” formally defined
as: “<span style="line-height: 115%;">An action or inaction that leads to a deviation from intentions
and expectations</span>.”
Statistical studies show that Pilot error is a listed as a causative
factor in over 60 % of the accidents. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">No matter how hard we try, it is simply not possible for human
beings to avoid errors entirely, especially when complex systems are involved.
By using a systematic approach to continuous ADM and developing awareness of
common types of human ADM error, we can seek to minimize mistakes.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-86056951222164828372012-05-25T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-25T00:05:00.549+05:30DELIVERY OF CRITICAL DATA TO FLIGHT DECK<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhGxjmdzk1S-zG98FVyssqWj7SpyM_4ZXFkCjstVSgpucktb9S-AH2utKTrxKzIdmNIIWu6DjNQCJp2FJabAmCYyvV3Gd5m4ucUv9w050N-JKyLve5AMdoHtvnK96zBLEwGBclaukA8k/s1600/JEPP+EFB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhGxjmdzk1S-zG98FVyssqWj7SpyM_4ZXFkCjstVSgpucktb9S-AH2utKTrxKzIdmNIIWu6DjNQCJp2FJabAmCYyvV3Gd5m4ucUv9w050N-JKyLve5AMdoHtvnK96zBLEwGBclaukA8k/s200/JEPP+EFB.jpg" width="133" /></a></div>
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">A</span>new flight data delivery solution for airlines developed jointly by teams at Boeing subsidiary Jeppesen and Boeing Information Services slashes the time required to deliver and load vital flight data to an airplane. Application Data Enhanced Loading (ADEL) is a solution that reduces overall workload, network bandwidth requirements and costs associated with airline data operations. ADEL supports Boeing and Jeppesen Electronic Flight Bags.</div>
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20px;">"In a challenging business environment where airlines are looking to reduce costs and workload wherever possible, the Application Data Enhanced Loading solution provides an important competitive advantage," said Tim Huegel, director, Jeppesen Aviation Portfolio Management. "About ten percent of terminal chart data is changed per revision cycle, meaning this optimized system for delivering flight data eliminates a large amount of data transmittal and increases operational efficiency for airlines."</span><br />
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ADEL enhances the delivery of frequently changing airport terminal charting information, Windows-based airport moving maps, electronic document browser (EDB) and onboard performance tool (OPT) data associated with electronic flight bag (EFB) use in the flight deck.</span></div>
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Previously, airlines were required to dispatch a maintenance technician to load a digital file of up to 150 megabytes of updated EFB data to each airplane on a weekly basis. Now, only the "delta set," or the EFB data that has been changed, is required for wireless transmission, and the update can be activated by flight crew. With ADEL, what would take technicians up to an hour to perform can now be done by a flight crew in less than one minute. This has been an issue faced by lot of airlines and the operators were searching for solutions to effectively optimize resources in delivering the data to aircraft.</span></div>
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Korean Air is the first commercial aviation operator to integrate the Application Data Enhanced Loading solution to enhance its EFB-related data operations.</span></div>
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The ADEL solution incorporates Jeppesen's industry-leading data delivery management (DDM) system and integrates other Boeing technology to vastly improve the delivery and loading of EFB data to the airplane. </span></div>
<div style="color: black; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; white-space: normal !important;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"This is another step in Boeing's drive to enable the Digital Airline," said John Maggiore, Director of Airline Performance Management in Boeing Commercial Aviation Services' Information Services business. "Enabling airlines to manage the distribution of digital data on their fleets more efficiently and at lower cost via ADEL will give our customers a competitive edge."(<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Boeing release</span>)</span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-13565006041771764802012-05-24T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-24T00:05:00.391+05:30TCAP AN ALTITUDE CAPTURE ENHANCEMENT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_XJgK7XXeNX75TnhzgH-ltWxCKLMMy4Q1l0dfPpUWVlvTMgT1Xj3p3bYLSZxL6jny01vXMFRJY21du83iMn8VlfMtm7PbRaIMKyhxVCkC854I3Us3JGWtK54x581quCJKZPgdfwCp5U8/s1600/TCAS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_XJgK7XXeNX75TnhzgH-ltWxCKLMMy4Q1l0dfPpUWVlvTMgT1Xj3p3bYLSZxL6jny01vXMFRJY21du83iMn8VlfMtm7PbRaIMKyhxVCkC854I3Us3JGWtK54x581quCJKZPgdfwCp5U8/s200/TCAS.jpg" width="199" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wikipedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">A</span>growing
sense of alarm over the rising incidents of mid-air collisions and near misses,
brought about the introduction of TCAS and today the sky is far safer to fly in. However, this also brought about an unwelcome and
recurrent side effect that of nuisance or operationally undesired RA commands.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">An
<a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2011/12/flight-procedures.html">operationally</a> undesired RA is one that is triggered during 1000 ft level off manoeuvres,
while the crew is operating within clearances granted. This normally occurs
when the vertical closure rates are high. This accounts for almost 50 % of RAs encountered
in today’s environment.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Several
recommendations have been made to address this issue. PANS- OPS Doc 8168, ICAO recommends adopting rate
less than 1500 fpm throughout the last 1000 ft of climb/ descent to the
assigned altitude, when aware of traffic nearby. The <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/a380-super-and-wake-turbulence.html">Airbus</a> FCOM recommends
that the Vertical Speed be reduced to 1500 ft during the last 2000 ft to level
off when known traffic is present in the area. While different regulatory
bodies evolved similar solutions, the core aim was a need to alter the altitude
capture laws without compromising the climb performance capability. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In
response to the above requirements, <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/a380-super-and-wake-turbulence.html">Airbus</a> has developed a new system called
the TCAS Alert Prevention or TCAP. The principle was to introduce a new
altitude capture law that will soften the capture in the presence of other
aircraft. Its activation logic is based on the traffic Advisory (TA), triggered
by TCAS system, which clearly confirms the presence of other aircraft in the
vicinity. A concept of TCAS availability
threshold DZ<sub> avail </sub>was introduced to define the upper distance from the
selected altitude where a TA can occur with an intruder capturing the same
altitude in the opposite sense. The DZ<sub> avail</sub> value hence depends on both
the vertical speed at the time of TA and its altitude. The triggering conditions
require that</span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;">AP,FD must remain engaged</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;">Aircraft is converging towards
its selected altitude</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;">The distance to the selected
altitude at the time of the TA is lower than DZ<sub>avail.</sub><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the new Altitude capture software enhancement, called
the ALT<sup>*</sup><sub>TCAP control</sub> law, the vertical speed targets, are computed in
decreasing sequence and efficiently to prevent triggering of an RA while
ensuring that there is no undue increase in the altitude capture duration. The law comes into effect independently during
early occurrence of TA as well as during ALT* phase. The computed vertical
speed is refreshed as long as TA is active so as to boost pilot’s confidence in
the system. The pilot is not required to
intervene but only monitor the level off manoeuvre. Simulation studies also
indicate that the benefit is available even if only one of the two aircraft involved
is fitted with the TCAP system.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-77369286340070573102012-05-23T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-23T00:05:00.036+05:30BIODIESEL TRIAL BY VIRGIN AUSTRALIA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #40403f; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiEoxdjcO4nF5JhmaqriUqUA6BKv9l4e53gqCs0pVu2wLKy0iXMGkL32MEomtb6vsD44F3GRM7efJ2mo6Mvz9xT9wKQZe-dsIfdR5-0GepYME0-ACf7D_y-QZ2ib6E8R1N-xmHxGWBiq0/s1600/va.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiEoxdjcO4nF5JhmaqriUqUA6BKv9l4e53gqCs0pVu2wLKy0iXMGkL32MEomtb6vsD44F3GRM7efJ2mo6Mvz9xT9wKQZe-dsIfdR5-0GepYME0-ACf7D_y-QZ2ib6E8R1N-xmHxGWBiq0/s200/va.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">V</span>irgin group has always been at the forefront when it comes to emissions and pushing the boundaries to find solutions to contain emissions and be environment friendly.In a first for an Australian airline, Virgin Australia has launched a trial of environmentally-friendly biodiesel in its ground service equipment, according to press release by the airline.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /><br />
</span><br />
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The initial trial involves using a biodiesel blend derived from locally sourced tallow and used cooking oil (split 20:80 conventional petrodiesel) in a baggage tug and a push-back vehicle at Brisbane Domestic Airport over an eight-week period.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The biodiesel used in the trial is produced by Ecotech Biodiesel at a local facility in Narangba in Queensland and provides a range of environmental benefits including reduced carbon and soot emissions. Refuelling Solutions, another Australian company, is providing logistical support and storage for the trial.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Virgin Australia Group Executive of Operations Sean Donohue said the biodiesel trial supports the airline’s renewable jet fuel strategy to encourage the development of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel sourced from our region.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“At Virgin Australia, we are committed to reducing the environmental impact of our operations both in the air and on the ground. Using a biodiesel blend in all of our baggage tugs and push-back vehicles would help us reduce the greenhouse emissions generated by our ground operations.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“Biodiesel is commercially available now, cost-competitive with conventional petro-diesel and helps improve our fuel economy. We were also drawn to Ecotech Biodiesel because its activities support Australian jobs, regional Australia and our natural environment.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“Should the trial be successful, we hope to roll out biodiesel to our ground service equipment in Brisbane and other mainline airports. This could lead to a reduction in over 300 tonnes of CO2 per year”, Mr Donohue said.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Biofuels Association of Australia Chief Executive Officer Heather Brodie said: “The trial offers substantial benefits for the environment and regional Australia, while reducing the airline’s reliance on imported fuels. By working with local producer Ecotech Biodiesel, Virgin Australia is actively supporting the development of a sustainable, regionally developed alternative fuel”.</div>
<div style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 16px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Virgin Australia said the strategy complements its renewable fuel strategy to procure a sustainable, reliable, and economic supply of aviation fuel to meet the airline’s aspirational target of 5% renewable fuel use from 2020</div>
</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-79538064998082967012012-05-22T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-22T00:05:00.272+05:30A330 PASSENGER TO FREIGHTER PROGRAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv_eOj-DcUlm1rZV0vipQ8CXRN4TduVZaVeivyAY5duwOajY00Wc4Md9AmBt2Z-4InuzP4At8OO5Atw2aRcraQW0CMZ5Y7UXxDGZMzSDTf8k_DmZJWoKKu9XTB1KIn7X5nXVBSvp-9Lws/s1600/airbuslogo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv_eOj-DcUlm1rZV0vipQ8CXRN4TduVZaVeivyAY5duwOajY00Wc4Md9AmBt2Z-4InuzP4At8OO5Atw2aRcraQW0CMZ5Y7UXxDGZMzSDTf8k_DmZJWoKKu9XTB1KIn7X5nXVBSvp-9Lws/s200/airbuslogo.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<div class="bodytext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.3em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">A</span>ccording to Airbus press release today,Airbus, ST Aerospace and EADS EFW have finalised the agreement to establish the collaboration for the launch of the A330 Passenger-to-Freighter (P2F) conversion programme. This follows the MoU announced at the Singapore Airshow in February this year setting out the project’s foundation and granting ‘Authorisation To Offer’ for the A330P2F.</div>
<div class="bodytext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.3em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 16px;">ST Aerospace lead the A330P2F engineering development work in collaboration with Airbus and EADS EFW, while EADS EFW will lead the industrial phase and undertake marketing and sales activities, supported by Airbus. Most of the conversions will take place at EADS EFW facilities in Dresden, Germany, with the potential for additional capacity at ST Aerospace.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div class="bodytext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.3em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“The strong demand from airlines for a programme to convert used A330s from passenger configuration into an attractive freighter is clear,” says Tom Williams, EVP of Programmes at Airbus. “Together with ST Aerospace and our sister company EADS EFW we have the perfect partnership to bring efficiency, reliability and profitability to our operators.”</div>
<div class="bodytext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.3em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The A330P2F programme includes two versions – the A330-200P2F and the larger A330-300P2F. Of the two models, the larger A330-300P2F will be particularly suitable for integrators and express carriers thanks to its high volumetric payload capability with lower-density cargo. Meanwhile, the A330-200P2F will be optimised for higher-density freight and longer range performance. Entry-into-service of the first A330P2F is targeted for 2016.</div>
<div class="bodytext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.3em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
As well as complementing the factory-built A330-200F in service today, the A330P2F freighter conversion programme will also enhance and sustain A330 Family residual values by extending the economic lives of A330 airframes.</div>
<div class="bodytext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.3em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Approximately 2,700 freighters will be required over the next 20 years, and around half of these will be in the mid-sized freighter segment, including 900 conversions. Addressing this requirement, both the A330-200P2F and the A330-300P2F facilitate the change to environmentally-friendly, new-technology converted freighters, while recognising the operators’ focus on capital cost.(Airbus release)</div>
<div class="bodytext" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.3em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A330 has been one of the successful aircraft built by airbus and this program will enable the A330 prototype to remain in skies for a longer time.</div>
</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-81373792442122074362012-05-21T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-21T00:05:00.229+05:30ENFORCEMENT OF LASER PENALTIES BY FAA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5EeNRHlCdG6JHgGqBZsJENNrMtb4Z6J8f33yc5au2prDwiu7Tc6qluTF8u4NPGyA_aRMY2eBWMpSzzIG1HBLgFLlbMBRL3lWaJA2x61GFR2xE7dpvlDXOLyHGM4cZ5oBnr9htFxtSa4Q/s1600/laser.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5EeNRHlCdG6JHgGqBZsJENNrMtb4Z6J8f33yc5au2prDwiu7Tc6qluTF8u4NPGyA_aRMY2eBWMpSzzIG1HBLgFLlbMBRL3lWaJA2x61GFR2xE7dpvlDXOLyHGM4cZ5oBnr9htFxtSa4Q/s200/laser.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">F</span>ederal Aviation Administration <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/faa-proposed-rule-making-for-first.html">(FAA)</a> has directed its investigators and staff to pursue stiffer penalties for individuals who purposefully point laser devices at aircraft.This comes against the backdrop of increased laser pointing incidents.</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“Shining a laser at an airplane is not a laughing matter. It’s dangerous for both pilots and passengers, and we will not tolerate it,” said U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood. “We will pursue the toughest penalties against anyone caught putting the safety of the flying public at risk.”</span></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The number of reported laser incidents nationwide rose from 2,836 in 2010, to 3,592 in 2011. Laser incident reports have increased steadily since the FAA created a formal reporting system in 2005 to collect information from pilots.</span></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;">The <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/faa-proposed-rule-making-for-first.html">FAA</a> has initiated enforcement action against 28 people charged with aiming a laser device at an aircraft since June 2011, and this week the agency directed FAA investigators and attorneys to pursue the stiffest possible sanctions for deliberate violations. The FAA has opened investigations in dozens of additional cases.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;"></span></span><br />
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;">The FAA supports the Department of Justice in its efforts to seek stern punishment for anyone who intentionally points a laser device into the cockpit of an aircraft.</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;">
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;"></span><br />
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 15px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The FAA announced last June it would begin to impose civil penalties against individuals who point a laser device at an aircraft. The maximum penalty for one laser strike is $11,000, and the FAA has proposed civil penalties against individuals for multiple laser incidents, with $30,800 the highest penalty proposed to date. In many of these cases, pilots have reported temporary blindness or had to take evasive measures to avoid the intense laser light.</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 17px;">
<div>
<br /></div>
</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-43198606837309967562012-05-19T19:07:00.001+05:302012-05-22T19:34:31.366+05:30BOEING TO TWEAK 737 MAX DESIGN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyHGx7PzyzyWOSXXHY39hvWDQR7RCxGawqZ9rS0rMrkw7lXeCDrLYpF704ceUHQceYVb-gjobNkl4Y05nGeixD9KjdKCbBkVoVfW5M6RqswDSmseokDiHjoHDDDfk29w29I3MWfHnXslY/s1600/B737+MAX.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyHGx7PzyzyWOSXXHY39hvWDQR7RCxGawqZ9rS0rMrkw7lXeCDrLYpF704ceUHQceYVb-gjobNkl4Y05nGeixD9KjdKCbBkVoVfW5M6RqswDSmseokDiHjoHDDDfk29w29I3MWfHnXslY/s200/B737+MAX.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">O</span>n the backdrop of few posts here on winglets and shark lets and effect on fuel saving and performance optimization,interesting bit of information from Seattle times article by Dominic Gates on <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #303030; line-height: 19px;">Boeing considering to tweak the design of its coming <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/boeing-winglet-design-for-737-max.html">737 MAX</a>, the update to its workhorse single-aisle jet due in 2017, and has decided to increase the crucial engine-fan diameter from 68 to 69 inches.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #303030; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #303030; line-height: 19px;"></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #303030; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Boeing spokeswoman Lauren Penning said the change stemmed from wind-tunnel testing that was completed last week and continuing work with engine-maker CFM International, a joint venture between GE and Snecma of France.</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #303030; line-height: 17px;">
</span><br />
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #303030; line-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Despite the size increase, the nose landing gear won't need to be raised for ground clearance beyond the 8 inches previously announced, she said.</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #303030; line-height: 17px;">
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The size of the fan on the new jet has been a matter of contention because Airbus is able to offer a much bigger fan on the coming update to its rival single-aisle family, the A320neo.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A bigger fan produces more efficient propulsion. On the negative side, it also adds weight and drag. Engineers must come up with the optimal engine size to produce the greatest overall benefit to the airplane.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Penning said 69 inches is "looking like the best balance of weight, drag and performance."</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">However, on fan size, Airbus insists that bigger is better. Its executives argue that Boeing simply can't make the 737 MAX fan as big as it would like because the jet sits lower to the ground than the Airbus A320 and there isn't enough clearance to fit a bigger fan.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">On the MAX, Boeing is offering just one engine: CFM's LEAP-1B.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Airbus is offering a choice between a variant of CFM's LEAP with a 78-inch fan and a Pratt & Whitney geared engine with an 81-inch fan.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In April, Boeing announced a series of design changes to the MAX, including the 8-inch lift to the nose gear, a change in shape of the tail cone and the introduction of fly-by-wire spoilers on the wings. Then earlier this month, it revealed a new type of winglet for the MAX.</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Some in the industry have speculated that, because of the ground-clearance limitation on fan size, Boeing is struggling to come up with a design that will match the fuel efficiency of the Airbus neo.(Excerpts from Seattle times article)</span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 8px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-51413061447785466282012-05-19T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-22T19:33:00.463+05:30DOWNWARD FACING WINGLETS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">A</span>ircraft
designers have traditionally used winglets as a means to reduce induced drag
and save on consequent fuel burn aka operating costs. Over the years several
designs have emerged and the classic end plates and winglets are common in
Boeing and airbus models. General aviation aircraft on the other hand have more
innovative designs of <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/boeing-winglet-design-for-737-max.html">winglets</a> to enhance operational cost benefits.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RK4pfka1cq_xM-IFHJvW6sfRJ99rodxaCz1tMHJAH8VFq9tLjKpyYNSH4yaMyc249HtQCHCt2xCPtRELZf0I5t_gGBieNMIeNJ1YVnYQvhsKWU7Kz6p0yA8HN_HiSl7P5eAJS0LMGj9N/s1600/800px-Boeing_787_Roll-out.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RK4pfka1cq_xM-IFHJvW6sfRJ99rodxaCz1tMHJAH8VFq9tLjKpyYNSH4yaMyc249HtQCHCt2xCPtRELZf0I5t_gGBieNMIeNJ1YVnYQvhsKWU7Kz6p0yA8HN_HiSl7P5eAJS0LMGj9N/s200/800px-Boeing_787_Roll-out.jpg" width="200" /></a>While
an equivalent increase in wingspan would be more effective than a winglet of
the same length, the bending force becomes a greater factor. Typically, a three-foot winglet has the same
bending force as a one-foot increase in span, yet gives the same performance gain
as a two-foot wing span increase. For
this reason, most designers have concentrated their efforts in winglets designs
to reduce drag.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Raked wingtips are a feature on some Boeing airliners,
where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the
wing. This additional feature is designed to improve fuel efficiency and climb
performance, and to shorten takeoff field length. It does this in much the same
way that winglets do, by increasing the effective aspect ratio of the wing and
interrupting harmful wingtip vortices. This decreases the amount of
lift-induced drag experienced by the aircraft. In testing by Boeing and NASA,
raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5.5%, as opposed to
improvements of 3.5% to 4.5% from conventional winglets.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgehFLfl_RkebJgi1S2QEnrsqKgtz0kH54B_6ngecj8lF-1c3cB20dOdH3a2Zqruqu4WQqasz0Dz2cWwG4XfZbcOAdnmCa-pUb8pragCitQlcGFWAFhCWToc0OCWEoeD8stRppWrYap8t3Z/s1600/737-max-winglet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgehFLfl_RkebJgi1S2QEnrsqKgtz0kH54B_6ngecj8lF-1c3cB20dOdH3a2Zqruqu4WQqasz0Dz2cWwG4XfZbcOAdnmCa-pUb8pragCitQlcGFWAFhCWToc0OCWEoeD8stRppWrYap8t3Z/s200/737-max-winglet.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
On the Boeing 737 MAX, a new type of wingtip device has
been introduced. Resembling a three-way hybrid between a blended winglet,
wingtip fence, and raked wingtip, Boeing claims that this new design should
deliver an additional 1.5% improvement in fuel economy over the 10-12%
improvement already expected from the 737 MAX.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkLz6M2F3Ii7m71uxfco9PRQgCVccj981K88TfvKMPflXUrmjkprtRH394SavWi5lJXe7cYyDBYlvc_in5DzXcgJTQ92NnM-sv6j8PibMGRtrtdUW307MuKKzwSwzIASPgfNaFqLtIX1Pb/s1600/airbus-downward-winglet-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkLz6M2F3Ii7m71uxfco9PRQgCVccj981K88TfvKMPflXUrmjkprtRH394SavWi5lJXe7cYyDBYlvc_in5DzXcgJTQ92NnM-sv6j8PibMGRtrtdUW307MuKKzwSwzIASPgfNaFqLtIX1Pb/s320/airbus-downward-winglet-1.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Airbus has filed a patent for a downward-facing
winglet device during January this year. The new wing tip device is being
described as a wing extension that may be swept and may deform during flight.
This flexible wing tip extension provides a drag reduction whilst decreasing
the bending moment of the wing, particularly at the wing root. Aircraft
performance might benefit during both steady flight and high-lift manoeuvres. A close
look at the Boeing design of the hybrid winglets on the 737 max, show some close
resemblance to the airbus design. A patent war may be in the offing between
these two rivals to lay claim to this design. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig31GipYOTWK5cde6K-6slk5Ye4ZAYz6FcKn4KbzRMHfUm4fa0PXuTaxxzclfzr_CE2evEziXvJKcB-4NCwLGAJ5PjC8-ZE78KibOU28PUNC_3i-t5s8YZVZ1HeUO6R_5A7WQqhL5qF3OA/s1600/airbus-downward-winglet-2-613x700.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig31GipYOTWK5cde6K-6slk5Ye4ZAYz6FcKn4KbzRMHfUm4fa0PXuTaxxzclfzr_CE2evEziXvJKcB-4NCwLGAJ5PjC8-ZE78KibOU28PUNC_3i-t5s8YZVZ1HeUO6R_5A7WQqhL5qF3OA/s320/airbus-downward-winglet-2-613x700.jpg" width="280" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Because of its flexible behaviour, the
downward-facing winglet may provide a larger span during flight in comparison
to when the aircraft is on the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The downward facing wing tip device allows not to be
mounted directly at the tip of the wing, but may for example be mounted spaced
apart from the wing tip that might have mounted an additional wingtip fence or
winglet. It may be also fully blended with the wing</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-71494598701389289012012-05-18T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-18T19:34:47.874+05:30CITATION LONGITUDE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-yYHRTGPN37vzD-imJVR-W0iCgar_N5jq3Ci-sPE9IR5BPNvIeedA-H3AJWTeR8KcMTuScewHEgNr9NLrhkrlmOjR3lCUFiqAT85vlQF5nHAn3xK2NUwBxCB_tMeYrmw7xmuwn7ZPHBs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2012-05-17+at+10.46.35+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-yYHRTGPN37vzD-imJVR-W0iCgar_N5jq3Ci-sPE9IR5BPNvIeedA-H3AJWTeR8KcMTuScewHEgNr9NLrhkrlmOjR3lCUFiqAT85vlQF5nHAn3xK2NUwBxCB_tMeYrmw7xmuwn7ZPHBs/s320/Screen+Shot+2012-05-17+at+10.46.35+PM.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Citation Longitude</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">C</span>essna Aircraft Company, a Textron Inc. company, introduced its newest and longest-range business jet, the Citation Longitude at
the European Business Aviation Convention and Exhibition (EBACE). This launch
follows on the heels of Cessna’s announcement, just over six months ago, of the
new Citation M2 and Citation Latitude.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Boasting a 4,000-nautical-mile range and a maximum speed of Mach
.86, the Citation Longitude will make a non-stop flight from New York to Paris,
London to Dubai or Beijing to Moscow. At a price of $25.999 million, Cessna
believes that the Citation Longitude is the best value 4,000-nautical-mile
super mid-size business jet available.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Citation Longitude will be powered by two Silvercrest
engines, with 11,000 pounds of thrust, made by Snecma (Safran group). These
engines lead the industry in fuel efficiency, weight and maintainability. The
engines will be on an on-condition maintenance plan, which is expected to
reduce the operating costs of the aircraft because maintenance intervals will
be extended significantly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">“The Citation Longitude’s state-of-the-art cockpit features
Garmin G5000 avionics with touch-screen controls and all of the capabilities
required to comply with emerging operating requirements for intercontinental
aircraft, including FANS/CPDLC, ADSB and RNP.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">With space for a crew of two plus up to eight passengers and one
optional additional crew member seat, the Citation Longitude features a
stand-up 6-foot (1.8 meter) high, 31-foot (9.4 meters) flat floor passenger
cabin. Cessna’s intelligent cabin technology developed specifically for the
Citation line, ClairityTM, will be standard on the Longitude to provide each
passenger the ‘ultimate connectivity experience.’<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cabin seat configuration options include a dual-club eight-seat
arrangement and a four-place forward club with a three-place couch and
entertainment credenza. Cabin-length indirect LED lighting is provided overhead
in the passenger service units with variable adjustment for direct reading
lights and more. For long-distance travel comfort, the cabin is equipped with a
dual-zone temperature control, a fully operational galley with an oven and cold
storage along with a pressurized water system. The aircraft features a large
lavatory equipped with a vacuum-assist toilet. The cabin also features
in-flight access to a spacious baggage storage area.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">As
the longest-range business jet in Cessna’s product line, the Citation Longitude
is designed to offer an estimated full fuel payload of 1,950 pounds (884.5
kilograms), a maximum cruise speed of 490 knots true airspeed (907.4 kilometers
per hour) and a maximum range of 4,000 nautical miles (7408 kilometers). The
aircraft will have a maximum overall width of 86 feet (26.2 meters) and maximum
overall length of 87 feet (26.5 meters) with a gently swept wing and advanced
winglets for greater range, with improved hot/high performance, climb and fuel
burn. Entry into service is expected in 2017.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">(Cessna Press Release)</span></span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-71330164306406715532012-05-17T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-20T22:16:52.128+05:30KALMAN FILTER WITHOUT TEARS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-linespan: 3; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" style="background-color: transparent; border: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 47pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-linespan: 3; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-height-rule: exactly; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 56pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ne of
the greatest theories postulated in the twentieth century is the Kalman Filter.
It is not actually a filter, but a mathematical estimator, which uses a series
of measurements observed over a period of time consisting of random variations
( noise) and other inaccuracies and produces estimates that tend to be more
precise than what would be based on a single measurement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Kalman filter has numerous applications in technology. A common application is
for guidance, navigation and control of vehicles, particularly aircraft and
spacecraft.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaxYF8eG0vSHFgjpA3dh8N29goDdsC6wD5ooWCNUQclePcAtO_SlmjTogW-BJBYRZaP0JTwKzG7_TooSfTJmESzqLmIHT67w-t-WK9Kxaqo0r_MuVT9smKNC-O4c37OW8KC-QtTOlhmffb/s1600/800px-Basic_concept_of_Kalman_filtering_svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaxYF8eG0vSHFgjpA3dh8N29goDdsC6wD5ooWCNUQclePcAtO_SlmjTogW-BJBYRZaP0JTwKzG7_TooSfTJmESzqLmIHT67w-t-WK9Kxaqo0r_MuVT9smKNC-O4c37OW8KC-QtTOlhmffb/s320/800px-Basic_concept_of_Kalman_filtering_svg.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Take for example the readings from a GPS receiver or the outputs of an
IRS. The outputs are not always predictable and contain some errors which may
be classified as random and systemic. The simplest solution that comes to mind
is to take average of a series of consequent samples. This simple approach
doesn’t work for most problems. We need a more sophisticated approach. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalman
filter, also known as linear quadratic estimation,
operates recursively on streams of noisy input data to produce a statistically
optimal estimate of the underlying system state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
algorithm works in a two-step process: in the prediction step, the Kalman
filter produces estimates of the current state variables, along with their
uncertainties. Once the outcome of the next measurement (necessarily corrupted
with some amount of error, including random noise) is observed, these estimates
are updated using a weighted average, with more weight being given to estimates
with higher certainty. Because of the algorithm's recursive nature, it can run
in real time using only the present input measurements and the previously
calculated state; no additional past information is required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
autopilot in a modern large aircraft typically reads its position and the
aircraft's attitude from an inertial guidance system. Inertial guidance systems
accumulate errors over time. They will incorporate error reduction systems such
as the carousel system that rotates once a minute so that any errors are
dissipated in different directions and have an overall nulling effect. Error in
gyroscopes is known as drift. This is due to physical properties within the
system, be it mechanical or laser guided, that corrupt positional data. The
disagreements between the two are resolved with digital signal processing, most
often a six-dimensional Kalman filter. The six dimensions are usually roll,
pitch, yaw, altitude, latitude, and longitude. Aircraft may fly routes that
have a required performance factor; therefore the amount of error or actual
performance factor must be monitored in order to fly those particular routes.
The longer the flight, the more error accumulates within the system. Radio aids
such as DME, DME updates, and GPS may be used to correct the aircraft position.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt;">A Kalman filter is essentially an optimal estimator.
It infers parameters of interest from indirect, uncertain and inaccurate
observations and is most optimal where the error distribution is Gaussian in
nature. It is also recursive, in that new measurements are processed as they arrive
to minimise the output error.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-71653131459258073692012-05-16T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-16T00:22:22.359+05:30EU EMISSION ROW<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA30TBiNJH5ZIv3V2FWtbcA2SLLn8pOHwHJjOOi7QO-vHWH-G5iT4zJxJrFFKG4n5-8_gnFYhhqSekT3ZN59mL0lkBb-AwjDiTi5LbU3XkZvopnaPhWBRrnvE6liv7yblbGGEBfi_76zQ/s1600/emissions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA30TBiNJH5ZIv3V2FWtbcA2SLLn8pOHwHJjOOi7QO-vHWH-G5iT4zJxJrFFKG4n5-8_gnFYhhqSekT3ZN59mL0lkBb-AwjDiTi5LbU3XkZvopnaPhWBRrnvE6liv7yblbGGEBfi_76zQ/s200/emissions.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">C</span>hinese and Indian airlines did
not submit carbon-dioxide emissions data for 2011, disregarding European rules
that seek to expand the region’s <span style="color: #013166;">emissions trading</span> system to include aviation. There
has been “systematic non-reporting” of emissions to and from Europe from 10
airlines based in India and China, the European Commission said on Tuesday.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The <span style="color: #013166;">European Union</span> expanded its Emissions Trading
Scheme in January to include airlines. The new rules require carriers to submit
data on their carbon emissions for last year, although carbon permits are not
required for 2011 emissions.<o:p><o:p></o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The inclusion of airlines in the
E.T.S. triggered opposition from countries including the United States, China
and Russia. They said the European Union should let a United Nations agency,
the International Civil Aviation Organization, decide on greenhouse-gas limits
for the industry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Chinese and Indian airlines
represent less than 3 percent of the sector’s emissions, said Connie Hedegaard,
the European climate commissioner. Eight airlines in China and two in India
have until mid-June to submit the data, she said. The remaining airlines
reported last year’s emissions by the March 31 deadline, the commission said in
the statement. More than 1,200 emissions reports have been submitted from
airlines, it said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 15.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The airlines that failed to obey
the rules probably will not be penalized. Instead, the European Union may
become more strict next year when airlines need to hand in allowances to cover
their emissions, Isabelle Curien, a Paris-based analyst at Deutsche Bank, predicted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">This year, carriers will be
given free emission permits covering 85 percent of the industry cap and will
have to buy the remaining 15 percent at auction. They can also trade among each
other.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252e0d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The EU ETS is one of the policies introduced across
the European Union (EU) to help it meet its greenhouse gas emissions reduction
target under the Kyoto Protocol. The EU has to make an eight per cent reduction
on 1990 levels by the first Kyoto Protocol commitment period (2008 - 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252e0d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The EU ETS is cost-effective and operates by the
allocation and trading of greenhouse gas emissions allowances throughout the
EU - one allowance represents one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252e0d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">An overall limit, or 'cap', is set by Member State's Governments
on the total amount of emissions allowed from all the installations covered by
the scheme. The allowances are then distributed to the installations in the
scheme.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252e0d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">At the end of each year, operators are required to ensure they
have enough allowances to cover their installation's emissions. They have the
flexibility to buy additional allowances (on top of their free allocation), or
to sell any surplus allowances generated from reducing their emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252e0d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">These options create a flexible compliance regime for operators
and also ensures emissions are effectively capped across the EU. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #252e0d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The scheme currently has two operating phases:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: #252e0d;"> Phase I</span></b><span style="color: #252e0d;"> ran from 1 January
2005 to 31 December 2007 and was a 'learning by doing phase';<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: #252e0d;"> Phase II </span></b><span style="color: #252e0d;">runs from 1 January
2008 to 31 December 2012 and includes revised monitoring and reporting rules,
more stringent emissions caps and additional combustion sources;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: #252e0d;"> Phase III,</span></b><span style="color: #252e0d;"> which will run
from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2020, brings major changes including,
harmonised allocation methodologies and additional greenhouse gases and
emission sources.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-21628538476822645812012-05-15T00:05:00.003+05:302012-05-15T00:22:18.208+05:30FUEL HEDGING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVBHaF6CjYPUJu_feUL8G_qcGJLSpRlawCzjSeEK6scUFX52MAghKC1yEfLdzihWYXIHWX9Ka83UmhmzYP9IqZhkV76_u8_Pfu36VE-CiZLIIXfmVv0Y4-IWysv8gdtd7-kJExObbLVk/s1600/Fuel-Standards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVBHaF6CjYPUJu_feUL8G_qcGJLSpRlawCzjSeEK6scUFX52MAghKC1yEfLdzihWYXIHWX9Ka83UmhmzYP9IqZhkV76_u8_Pfu36VE-CiZLIIXfmVv0Y4-IWysv8gdtd7-kJExObbLVk/s200/Fuel-Standards.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">F</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">uel hedging</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #151519;"> is a contractual tool used by some </span>airlines<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #151519;">
to stabilize </span>jet fuel<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #151519;"> costs. A fuel </span>hedge<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #151519;"> contract commits an airline to paying a
pre-determined price for future jet fuel purchases. Airlines enter into such
contracts as a bet that future jet fuel prices will be higher than current
prices or to reduce the turbulence of confronting future expenses of unknown
size. If the price of jet fuel falls and the airline hedged for a higher price,
the airline will be forced to pay an above-market rate for jet fuel.(Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #151519;"></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #151519;"><br /></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fuel hedging is a gamble against
the future price of jet fuel as despite the seemingly consistent belief that
fuel prices go up, they also come down unexpectedly. If an airline predicts
that the cost of fuel is going to increase in the future, the airline can sign
a fuel hedging contract to purchase fuel at the current price for months or
years ahead of time. However, if the price of jet fuel falls below what an airline hedged to buy it
at, the airline will be contractually forced to pay a higher than market price
for jet fuel thereby losing money. Consequently, the cost of fuel hedging is
dependent on the predicted future fuel price. (Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Fuel make up for over 40% of operating cost for an airline
and airlines hedge t<span style="color: windowtext;">o reduce or save costs based on
a bet that future jet fuel prices will be higher than current prices (or the
price that an airline has agreed to purchase jet fuel under a fuel hedge
contract) and to remove the future uncertainty of volatile jet fuel
prices so that the airline can build a business plan knowing fixed or
"locked" fuel costs over a prescribed period. (Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The crisis in 2008 saw
volatility in crude barrel of fuel range from $40 to $150.Hedging has seen airlines like Southwest to reap
benefits worth over $3.5 billion dollars and the industry has also seen Alaska
air and Southwest lose out due to hedging.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hedging nevertheless continues
to be an important tool available to airlines to better plan financials and
contain volatility in fuel prices, and be an essential part of the business plan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-13258542805217007222012-05-14T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-14T00:05:00.516+05:30PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION (PBN)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVYSoTxTYwI7DZaPwrn0kNVTqxTFcJw61wG9_ipDh6R41z6MYcM8k4pvs9LqK_Qxmsr_hgL8BbPaljha2LeOn3kSvjF4GUyJWTyuKkdqcW-QRGe0eYo8n9VzLBTr5Lcnpdfps5schALEM/s1600/boeing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVYSoTxTYwI7DZaPwrn0kNVTqxTFcJw61wG9_ipDh6R41z6MYcM8k4pvs9LqK_Qxmsr_hgL8BbPaljha2LeOn3kSvjF4GUyJWTyuKkdqcW-QRGe0eYo8n9VzLBTr5Lcnpdfps5schALEM/s200/boeing.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">What is Performance Based Navigation(PBN) ?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Simply put, PBN means NO MORE GROUND AIDS based navigation.</span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">PBN
technology allows aircraft to fly precisely-defined flight paths without
relying on ground-based radio-navigation signals. Required Navigation
Performance (RNP) procedures, an advanced form of PBN technology, can be
designed to shorten the distance an aircraft has to fly en-route, and to reduce
fuel burn, exhaust emissions and noise pollution in communities near airports.
Because of RNP's precision and reliability, the technology can help air traffic
controllers reduce flight delays and alleviate air traffic congestion.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">GE-designed Performance-based Navigation (PBN) flight paths were
validated last week at Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport in the Sichuan Province of
China. In this first public PBN project initiated by a Chinese airport, the
paths will be available to all approved aircraft operators. Air China, China
Eastern and Sichuan Airlines are the first three airlines that will fly the
highly-precise flight paths.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"GE worked diligently with each stakeholder to ensure the
new flight paths were compatible and validated with each qualified operator's
specific aircraft types in order to maximize the benefit," said Giovanni
Spitale, general manager for GE Aviation's PBN Services. "The PBN paths
will not only improve aircraft performance and reliability into the region, but
will help streamline air traffic management and improve airport capacity as
well."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Located at 11,311 feet in the Min Shan mountain range, the steep
terrain can make airport access challenging, especially during poor weather
operations. The GE-designed, highly-accurate PBN paths will improve airport
access and payload for all qualified operators, while providing an optimized
lateral and vertical guidance to the runway. GE also harmonized the approach
and departure paths to allow for simultaneous PBN operations.(Excerpts from GE
press release)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #262626;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">China has been at the
forefront in proceeding with implementation of PBN and having already
undertaken the same at Lhasa, Linzhi,
Jiuzhai and </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #262626; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px;">Lijiang.</span><!--EndFragment--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:JA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment-->
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-18658367270977707092012-05-13T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-13T00:05:00.700+05:30AIRCRAFT END-OF-LIFE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJQqkRwA-UYJ85trbtHqZHhcSIREsN_z_raSAlWBPIcxzAcakAy42vBLiDiWytnxSreC2gxPXSthlhx9LYo6ClWXQ4oGwIAhzAc_m-OOfItLMkYHbvp7giGF-0PT-AdrkqhBK8sRppHFeJ/s1600/untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJQqkRwA-UYJ85trbtHqZHhcSIREsN_z_raSAlWBPIcxzAcakAy42vBLiDiWytnxSreC2gxPXSthlhx9LYo6ClWXQ4oGwIAhzAc_m-OOfItLMkYHbvp7giGF-0PT-AdrkqhBK8sRppHFeJ/s320/untitled.png" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">Where do aircraft go when they die? The global
aviation sector is expanding at a rapid pace and by 2050; the industry could be
handling some 16 billion travellers and 400 million tons of cargo annually. At
some stage, maintenance, repair and upgrading become uneconomic and at this
point the owner will consider taking the aircraft out of service. It is
estimated that over 9,700 aircraft are to be permanently retired or withdrawn
from service over the next 20 years. In many cases the retired airframe will
contain valuable components and parts that can be returned to </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;">service.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">OEMs like Boeing (with AFRA -- Aircraft Fleet
Recycling Association) and Airbus (with PAMELA -- Process for Advanced
Management of End of Life Aircraft) have set up projects where aircraft are
decommissioned, dismantled and recycled in safe and environmentally responsible
conditions. These initiatives are aimed to identify a generic methodology for
handling all end-of-life aircraft, along with a set of best practices. The
experience in dismantling and disposal is fed back to engineers working at the
start of the aircraft lifecycle, helping them to improve the design of both
existing and future aircraft programmes. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span lang="EN-GB">To maximize the value of decommissioned jetliners, parts that can still
be used are recovered and sold and metals are separated for recycling. The main
steps in aircraft recycling are</span>
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">FAR Part 145 Controlled Parts Removal</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">FAR Part 145 Recording and Tagging<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Parts Inspection</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parts Repair and Overhaul</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Parts Certification</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Packing, Crating and Shipping</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hazmat Disposal</span></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">Hull Disposal</span>
</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Using these methodologies, up to 85 per cent of the
aircraft weight can be recycled, and more than 70 per cent of components and
materials can be reused or recovered through regulated recovery channels. On a
purely environmental standpoint, it translates into reduction of land-filled
waste from 45 per cent to 15 per cent. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjgfRwMBl4KCUoaewv4mv_LcwDsyQdYbTGUDGap-vUuX51U-Kp5AO-zYmPTDPW9enfUKWOBsuTX_ddFewyUF3vqpp_IfEoPu-r7oyNyskBnenIjF8DtuM3Ye8MwmVuj9nQaUGQrYRunbv/s1600/Recycle.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjgfRwMBl4KCUoaewv4mv_LcwDsyQdYbTGUDGap-vUuX51U-Kp5AO-zYmPTDPW9enfUKWOBsuTX_ddFewyUF3vqpp_IfEoPu-r7oyNyskBnenIjF8DtuM3Ye8MwmVuj9nQaUGQrYRunbv/s320/Recycle.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Increasingly, aircraft are being made of carbon fibre - the substance
makes up 50% of Boeing's 787. Recycling Carbon fibre presents a special
challenge, but it is also a great opportunity: At the Milled Carbon factory in
West Bromwich, a 20 minute process is used to recycle carbon fibre into a
product so good that Boeing says it can be used in airplanes again. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">
<span lang="EN-GB">The aviation industry, lack established rules today
regarding an airliner’s end of service life, and the recycling of its parts. Hopefully
initiatives by Boeing and Airbus would pre-empt government regulations and set
up best practices for the safe disposal and recycling of aircrafts. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
</span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-32149889648449391742012-05-12T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-12T00:05:00.490+05:30COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN AIRCRAFT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>
<w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>
<w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:DontAutofitConstrainedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
</w:Compatibility>
</w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="276">
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWTFFmMcxRtd8PG5hP7V-Z_O3sXCelBvqNQtawSImvPe4vB-NWMU5x5raF7QKZVZSKtxhEfdv1LfYzMQ7cflV5o9fib1rNcjgSXZpQJ5o3kK7fCv-sgvL94GV2DVSudpXDgYBA63ETTxI/s1600/composite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWTFFmMcxRtd8PG5hP7V-Z_O3sXCelBvqNQtawSImvPe4vB-NWMU5x5raF7QKZVZSKtxhEfdv1LfYzMQ7cflV5o9fib1rNcjgSXZpQJ5o3kK7fCv-sgvL94GV2DVSudpXDgYBA63ETTxI/s200/composite.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">B787 Fuselage section</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Composite materials have been used in aviation and aircraft
manufacturing for decades. There were used in civil and military aircraft
primarily on secondary surfaces. What exactly are composite materials??</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Composite materials are a combination of carbon or glass
fibers with epoxy. Being light in weight, it adds to the performance of the
aircraft in weighing less and effecting less fuel burn and increasing range and
payload. They are known to have poor bearing strength as compared to metals.
Notable failure of composite in aviation is the carbon composite tile failure
on shuttle Columbia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">So far A320, A380 and B777 have been on the forefront of
composite revolution with B787 taking the honors for being the first civil
airliner to have more than 50% of total structural weight attributed to
composites. Airbus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>answer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A350 is slated to be in the same
category with over 50% composite composition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Safety concerns have been raised on the composition of
composite material in airliners. Regulatory requirements are </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">being put into place to have stringent operational and
maintenance requirements to counter safety apprehensions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Use of composites would continue to increase as the industry
transitions from a predominantly metal composition to composite combinations.
Where do you see the industry in the next decade or so in use of composite
materials in aircraft???</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-24272019538669573162012-05-11T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-15T00:51:02.871+05:30A380 SUPER AND WAKE TURBULENCE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwcfbXjHb3JBxyflwi8ZK-LbTQ5LL1QRCcLIsZFTkLJc_hZJAuak-m9tWC1UbVuVmafbOid2RbIkVn-o5mbpaK55xXFQh9q2T9vdbrGJlPwJBFijqpTO7r8zAb9EIf1-cOk4n_hv8B6Vk/s1600/A380_On_Ground.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwcfbXjHb3JBxyflwi8ZK-LbTQ5LL1QRCcLIsZFTkLJc_hZJAuak-m9tWC1UbVuVmafbOid2RbIkVn-o5mbpaK55xXFQh9q2T9vdbrGJlPwJBFijqpTO7r8zAb9EIf1-cOk4n_hv8B6Vk/s200/A380_On_Ground.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Airbus.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">W</span>ake turbulence<span style="color: windowtext;"> is turbulence that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air. Wingtip vortices occur when a wing is generating
lift. Wake turbulence exists in the vortex flow behind the wing. The strength
of wingtip vortices is determined primarily by the weight and airspeed of the
aircraft.Wingtip vortices make up the primary and most dangerous component of
wake turbulence. This is the reason the separation criteria had to be written
out for A380.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The FAA provides for SUPER category for A380 in wake turbulence category.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: windowtext;">FAA included the expression </span><i><span style="color: windowtext;">“SUPER”
</span></i><span style="color: windowtext;">immediately after the aircraft call sign in communications
with a terminal facility about A380 operations, and when issuing traffic
advisories regarding an A380.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Common separation minima promulgated
to counter wake turbulence from SUPER are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Take-off<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">An aircraft of a lower wake
vortex category must not be allowed to take off less than two minutes behind an
aircraft of a higher wake vortex category. If the following aircraft does not
start its take off roll from the same point as the preceding aircraft, this is
increased to three minutes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Landing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; border: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.0pt;" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Preceding
aircraft<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; border-left: none; border: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Following
aircraft<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #EFEFEF; border-left: none; border: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Minimum
radar separation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="4" style="background: #F7F7F7; border-top: none; border: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.0pt;" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Super<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Super<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 <span style="color: #0030a4; text-decoration: none;">NM</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Heavy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">6 NM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Large<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">7 NM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Small<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">8 NM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td rowspan="3" style="background: #F7F7F7; border-top: none; border: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.0pt;" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Heavy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Heavy<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 NM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Large<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 NM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Small<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">5 NM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-top: none; border: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.0pt;" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Large<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.0pt;" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Small<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F7F7F7; border-bottom: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9A9A9A 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">4 NM<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 14.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 11.0pt 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">SUPER is currently being
reserved exclusively for A380 and we hope more aircraft types join this
category!!!!!!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-38662046252392754862012-05-10T00:13:00.002+05:302012-05-15T00:48:02.114+05:30MITSUBISHI FLIGHT TEST<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #555555;"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQeacc0w-CxH-i5ag8CrspZFkn8J1UZdC1u54MeWMexhflX927g5T6eoTpCpL2wGKfVSUp8mRiY1haWjhchr-eUHTfYiu5lYPWy0nGij79m9bvKquOA6L5deW6qbcqPyNWb7mdQIuDhKU/s1600/MBFLIGHT+TEST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQeacc0w-CxH-i5ag8CrspZFkn8J1UZdC1u54MeWMexhflX927g5T6eoTpCpL2wGKfVSUp8mRiY1haWjhchr-eUHTfYiu5lYPWy0nGij79m9bvKquOA6L5deW6qbcqPyNWb7mdQIuDhKU/s200/MBFLIGHT+TEST.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">M</span>itsubishi Aircraft Corporation has completed the first flight test on Pratt & Whitney’s PurePower PW1200G engine for the MRJ, just a week after it announced a delay to the programme</div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The PW1217G for the 90-seat MRJ90 flew on a specially designed stub wing aboard Pratt & Whitney’s Boeing 747SP flying test bed from Pratt &Whitney’s Mirabel Aerospace Centre in Canada.</span></div>
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #454545; line-height: 21px;">Tests to validate the engine's fuel efficiency, durability and other performance metrics, will be conducted over roughly one year so they will be completed in time for the MRJ's maiden flight. In-flight testing will be done with the engine installed in an ultralarge aircraft.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #555555; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #454545; line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The PW1217G engine uses geared turbofan technology, which the company says can reduce noise and fuel consumption by having the large fan rotate slower. This is expected to improve the MRJ's fuel efficiency by around 20% over rival jets in this class, which seat up to 100 passengers.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #454545; line-height: 17px;"></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; zoom: 0;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mitsubishi Aircraft has announced a new schedule for the MRJ, delaying its launch by more than a year. Behind the pushed-back schedule were inadequate inspections of aircraft parts by parent Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. <a href="http://e.nikkei.com/e/app/ac/market/companyoverview.aspx?scode=7011" style="color: #003979; text-decoration: none; zoom: 1;">(7011)</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; zoom: 0;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The company will step up its sales campaign in such markets as the U.S. and Southeast Asia now that engine tests have begun.(<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">adapted from Nikkei and Mitsubishi</span>)</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; zoom: 0;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY6JJkGvN2GGn4XoPLjN8ocvMMAhZyG0QT5tbTjp3cBo0liE3zwVYO7ZE2iWk7YaUTy8eIcrWYSH-_1ihRF7GDwtdokO-d5a-5vOnTYhBkxgA7pojz97Qp72mtq-3EOtnO2Cz4QVXeDLc/s1600/355EC67AAA8B1249F0FEE72B952D52CA.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY6JJkGvN2GGn4XoPLjN8ocvMMAhZyG0QT5tbTjp3cBo0liE3zwVYO7ZE2iWk7YaUTy8eIcrWYSH-_1ihRF7GDwtdokO-d5a-5vOnTYhBkxgA7pojz97Qp72mtq-3EOtnO2Cz4QVXeDLc/s1600/355EC67AAA8B1249F0FEE72B952D52CA.png" /></a></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-78241322056492968452012-05-09T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-09T18:22:53.738+05:30NEW GENERATION PURE POWER ENGINES: GEARED TURBOFAN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;">T</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">oday, the turbofan engine has found a home on practically all
jet-propelled aircraft. However, the ambitious emission goals of ACARE 2020
cannot be fully met with the current turbofan concepts and industry majors need
to look elsewhere to find a viable solution.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgn6bSLc9WT7LPlGKjAgbs0hQ3d5po95Sp6rCt_HgFKpCGtRVedrIR25ilYiq7HI5QIshc6hwMsBgHOgnra7Dz_pMT-NG3ux_xKV-8la3Qm_rS4EwLZw74KKkwSa5wnYMn0JM7NiE-bf7j/s1600/GTF1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><img border="0" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgn6bSLc9WT7LPlGKjAgbs0hQ3d5po95Sp6rCt_HgFKpCGtRVedrIR25ilYiq7HI5QIshc6hwMsBgHOgnra7Dz_pMT-NG3ux_xKV-8la3Qm_rS4EwLZw74KKkwSa5wnYMn0JM7NiE-bf7j/s200/GTF1.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">A high
bypass engine is the key to reducing both fuel consumption and noise and
developments are underfoot aimed to raise the bypass ratio above ten and optimize
individual components for better aerodynamic efficiency.</span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a name='more'></a></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDiJ3AVH8nFkxzjkxswoDEPg7gAC2foW0Iwaf6HDkcZrxg6i2LGVFjM5F-nyztSPfXongh_wwZiyafb-f6JOeBAgeGV5gKBE3EGkavO2cAgtSCi5Jxk2YNZ9hn9e0wO35VwGowpJLl0DoJ/s1600/GTF2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDiJ3AVH8nFkxzjkxswoDEPg7gAC2foW0Iwaf6HDkcZrxg6i2LGVFjM5F-nyztSPfXongh_wwZiyafb-f6JOeBAgeGV5gKBE3EGkavO2cAgtSCi5Jxk2YNZ9hn9e0wO35VwGowpJLl0DoJ/s200/GTF2.jpg" width="200" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 18px;">A new development that offers a great potential is a concept called the<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/04/next-generation-engine.html">Geared Turbofan</a>. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Unlike conventional turbofans, where fan and low-pressure turbine rotate on a common shaft and at the same speed, the two components in this design are decoupled by a gearbox arranged between them. Accordingly, the large fan operates at a slower and the low-pressure turbine at a faster speed, which improves their respective efficiencies, lowers the noise level and about halves the number of stages in the turbine. Bypass ratios of 12 and beyond have become a possibility. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black;">In parallel, alternatives are being investigated, such as the counter-rotating integrated shrouded prop-fan, or Crisp for short. In this derivative of the geared turbofan, two counter-rotating fan rotors are arranged one behind the other. This arrangement boosts the propulsive efficiency of the engine, with the fan diameter remaining unchanged, and permits bypass ratios as high as 20 to 25 to be achieved.</span></span></div>
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdu-oi7hBOjqRkeft2idHWygWs2mMUAzEUPAUBoE5ksWyxT65B81pPF6pgzmhyphenhyphen061z1vy04A5q2qWVTc0i1D_Ow5ZVpwMO0ndDX45nLk-cQjQ69rOQywCjuDyZrFmMtKgawuqnBpTNflAS/s1600/GTF3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdu-oi7hBOjqRkeft2idHWygWs2mMUAzEUPAUBoE5ksWyxT65B81pPF6pgzmhyphenhyphen061z1vy04A5q2qWVTc0i1D_Ow5ZVpwMO0ndDX45nLk-cQjQ69rOQywCjuDyZrFmMtKgawuqnBpTNflAS/s200/GTF3.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDiJ3AVH8nFkxzjkxswoDEPg7gAC2foW0Iwaf6HDkcZrxg6i2LGVFjM5F-nyztSPfXongh_wwZiyafb-f6JOeBAgeGV5gKBE3EGkavO2cAgtSCi5Jxk2YNZ9hn9e0wO35VwGowpJLl0DoJ/s1600/GTF2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black;">The GTF, also called Pure power
engine, is designed to reduce specific fuel consumption 12% over current
turbofans by increasing bypass ratio to 10-12. Reducing fan pressure ratio requires
a large diameter, and a geared fan allows tip speed to be reduced for lower
noise. The design is also likely to
reduce carbon emissions by well over 20 % compared to today’s turbofan engines.
The reduction gearbox also allows the LP compressor and turbine speed to be
increased, to extract more work from fewer stages and aerosols, </span><span class="Apple-style-span">reducing
weight.</span></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-84609327646007127242012-05-08T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-08T00:05:00.883+05:30BOEING WINGLET DESIGN FOR 737 MAX<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhTqnfLIP4Sh6KM5ra89xa3IaD8lSz0yR2kJCcOnMYLv5uJeTXy5mR1cSqQPWNNIDgOxhfhfyeWRrkNuzzLVxhBKalLMWYJlH1JsZu3RzDt73V9UYyG0IkxkMEokvaVh3DiEe7SFRy8E/s1600/boeing737max.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhTqnfLIP4Sh6KM5ra89xa3IaD8lSz0yR2kJCcOnMYLv5uJeTXy5mR1cSqQPWNNIDgOxhfhfyeWRrkNuzzLVxhBKalLMWYJlH1JsZu3RzDt73V9UYyG0IkxkMEokvaVh3DiEe7SFRy8E/s200/boeing737max.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">B737 MAX</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">I</span>n continuation of our coverage
on <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/03/winglets.html">WINGLETS</a> and <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/fuel-saving-a320-sharklets.html">FUEL SAVING A320 SHARKLETS</a>, we bring the news about Boeing
announcement and breakthrough on new winglet design concept for the 737 MAX. The new Advanced
Technology winglet will provide MAX customers with up to an additional 1.5
percent fuel-burn improvement, depending on range, on top of the 10-12 percent
improvement already offered on the new-engine variant.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"The Advanced Technology
winglet demonstrates Boeing's continued drive to improve fuel burn and the
corresponding value to the customer. With this technology and others being
built into the MAX, we will extend our leadership," said Jim Albaugh,
president and CEO, Boeing Commercial Airplanes. "Incorporating this advanced
technology into the 737 MAX design will give our customers even more advantage
in today's volatile fuel price environment."</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Compared to today's wingtip
technology, which provides up to a 4 percent fuel-burn advantage at long
ranges, the Advanced Technology winglet provides a total fuel-burn improvement
of up to 5.5 percent on the same long routes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"The concept is more
efficient than any other wingtip device in the single-aisle market because the
effective wing span increase is uniquely balanced between the upper and lower
parts of the winglet," said Michael Teal, chief project engineer, 737 MAX.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 5.0pt; margin-right: 10.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Boeing aerodynamicists used
advanced computational fluid dynamics to combine rake tip technology with a
dual feather winglet concept into one advanced treatment for the wings of the
737 MAX. The Advanced Technology winglet fits within today's airport gate
constraints <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">while providing more effective
span thereby reducing drag. Ongoing 737 MAX testing in the wind tunnel
validated the new concept on the airplane. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Airlines operating the 737 MAX
now will gain an 18 percent fuel-burn per-seat improvement over today's A320.
Depending on the range of the mission, MAX operators will realize even more
savings.(<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Article:Boeing press release</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_NNIqiVs6lJGL8hstPY53ZBteGQ5VGQKSh7VCwYgT_-dLUWiIFFpoj-p54Qbw1OjdB-FoKSGfZzR69KVYMVv_S24WV-8FcRqg2Gjg2I4WcWkbIj_MpRVuGZPrJauQG82-ZUIhnQi5Bvo/s1600/355EC67AAA8B1249F0FEE72B952D52CA.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_NNIqiVs6lJGL8hstPY53ZBteGQ5VGQKSh7VCwYgT_-dLUWiIFFpoj-p54Qbw1OjdB-FoKSGfZzR69KVYMVv_S24WV-8FcRqg2Gjg2I4WcWkbIj_MpRVuGZPrJauQG82-ZUIhnQi5Bvo/s1600/355EC67AAA8B1249F0FEE72B952D52CA.png" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3073796774057701124.post-7788427040575057412012-05-07T00:05:00.000+05:302012-05-07T00:05:00.188+05:30MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENCE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQUnmyLnv_zjBpEMdIy0XV_ZJqvAp3nxrPVoZYjpy3qxBEsCW1uQTlzTHxlIc1I7dUfdVh1_kQSwgeEfr4e7tt3Ju2mvEezN152AV1aXb_22unvi4xw5dB1evZ9KelpP98mElthaYNjU4/s1600/TRG.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQUnmyLnv_zjBpEMdIy0XV_ZJqvAp3nxrPVoZYjpy3qxBEsCW1uQTlzTHxlIc1I7dUfdVh1_kQSwgeEfr4e7tt3Ju2mvEezN152AV1aXb_22unvi4xw5dB1evZ9KelpP98mElthaYNjU4/s200/TRG.gif" width="200" /></a><span style="float: left; font-size: 70px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 50px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative;">A</span>s a sequel to the post on <a href="http://flightdotcom.blogspot.in/2012/05/faa-proposed-rule-making-for-first.html">FAA Proposed Rule Making for First Officers</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, wherein it was
commented that a competency based training of first officer will be preferred
over proposed FAA rule of ATP as requirement with 1500 hrs for first officers, this
post touches upon the MPL or mutl-crew pilot licence .This was established in
2006 for airline co-pilots by ICAO. The MPL initiative was seized by
Germany,China,Phillipines, Canada and Singapore.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The need for MPL rose from the need to better train the
co-pilots and airline accident reviews pointing towards deficit in teamwork in the cockpit.
MPL is designed to develop the abilities needed to fly multi-crew airline
aeroplanes.It adopts greater use of simulators,applies human factors and threat
and error amangement(TEM) throughout and is competency-based training.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Regular traditional training emphasizes independence and individual skills which is
appropriate for single pilot operations, but may not be very effective for
mutli crew operation. Pilots joining an airline were left in need of a bridging
program to plug this gap from operating in single pilot environment to mutli
crew environment. Fortunately, now with MPL, this is effectively addressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The emphasis here has moved from prescriptive flying
hours requirement to competency-based training/assessment as opposed to the
proposed FAA rulemaking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">MPL still enables pilots to be able to take the
traditional pathway to qualifying to fly as co-pilot, progressing from the
private pilot licence through the commercial licence to the air transport pilot
licence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Do you envisage MPL as the way forward to address the industry training needs for first officers? Send in your comments on whether you agree that MPL is
the way forward or not along with the reasons thereof.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnLDQu2m5wxLHIwpJYux9k2Oj8xebxuE6acctROfLRakuhOKZaOtSgmCi7Q6-nfhBFIXgaUfdNuvjyxsTnWp2IgFJKw4K2p55COlaHPlMHqMHurABb44hEfC7cbG7hO8K2hxiIzH-r99M/s1600/355EC67AAA8B1249F0FEE72B952D52CA.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnLDQu2m5wxLHIwpJYux9k2Oj8xebxuE6acctROfLRakuhOKZaOtSgmCi7Q6-nfhBFIXgaUfdNuvjyxsTnWp2IgFJKw4K2p55COlaHPlMHqMHurABb44hEfC7cbG7hO8K2hxiIzH-r99M/s1600/355EC67AAA8B1249F0FEE72B952D52CA.png" /></a></div>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1